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Biofilms are fascinating yet challenging structures that have significant implications for health, industry, and the environment. They are communities of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces and are embedded in a protective matrix. Understanding what biofilms are and why they are so difficult to eliminate can help us address the various problems they pose, from chronic infections to industrial fouling. What Are Biofilms? Biofilms are complex aggregates of bacteria, fungi, and other microorgani …

Biofilms are clusters of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and other microbes, that adhere to surfaces and produce a protective matrix made up of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). These biofilms can form on almost any surface—ranging from medical devices, pipes, and industrial machinery to even natural environments like rivers and oceans. In many cases, biofilms pose significant challenges in healthcare, industry, and environmental management due to their resilience agains …